tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17373329224363181202024-03-13T19:48:40.531-07:00All About SoftwareSoftware Indohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12114594382591873909noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1737332922436318120.post-5527915395402118632008-01-02T07:43:00.000-08:002008-01-02T07:52:25.934-08:00All Story About software engineering<p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Parnas" title="David Parnas">David Parnas</a> has said that software engineering is, in fact, a form of engineering.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-1" title="">[4]</a></sup>.<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-2" title="">[5]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McConnell" title="Steve McConnell">Steve McConnell</a> has said that it is not, but that it should be.<sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-3" title="">[6]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> has said that programming is an art and a science.<sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-4" title="">[7]</a></sup></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> classifies <i>computer software engineers</i> as a subcategory of "computer specialists", along with occupations such as computer scientist, programmer, and network administrator.<sup id="_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-5" title="">[8]</a></sup> The BLS classifies all other engineering disciplines, including computer hardware engineers, as "engineers".<sup id="_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-6" title="">[9]</a></sup></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">The U.K. has seen the alignment of the Information Technology Professional and the Engineering Professionals.<sup id="_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-7" title="">[10]</a></sup> Software engineering in Canada has seen some contests in the courts over the use of the title "Software Engineer"<sup id="_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-8" title="">[11]</a></sup></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="Definition" id="Definition"></a></span></p> <h3><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Definition</span></span></h3> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Typical formal definitions of software engineering are</span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">"the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>".<sup id="_ref-IEEE610a_1" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-IEEE610a" title="">[1]</a></sup></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">"an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production"<sup id="_ref-Sommerville1_0" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-Sommerville1" title="">[12]</a></sup></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">"the establishment and use of sound engineering principles in order to economically obtain software that is reliable and works efficiently on real machines"<sup id="_ref-Naur1_0" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-Naur1" title="">[13]</a></sup></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="Other_meanings" id="Other_meanings"></a></span></p> <h4><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Other meanings</span></span></h4> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_over_the_term_Engineer" title="Controversies over the term Engineer">Controversies over the term Engineer</a></i></span></div> </dd></dl> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">As <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Dijkstra</a> pointed out, the terms <i>software engineering</i> and <i>software engineer</i> have, at times, also been misused in a much wider sense, particularly in America.<sup id="_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-9" title="">[14]</a></sup> The term has been used less formally:</span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">as the informal contemporary term for the broad range of activities that were formerly called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming" title="Programming">programming</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">systems analysis</a>;<sup id="_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-10" title="">[15]</a></sup></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">as the broad term for all aspects of the <i>practice</i> of computer programming, as opposed to the <i>theory</i> of computer programming, which is called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>;<sup id="_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-11" title="">[16]</a></sup></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">as the term embodying the <i>advocacy</i> of a specific approach to computer programming, one that urges that it be treated as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> discipline rather than an art or a craft, and advocates the codification of recommended practices in the form of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology_%28software_engineering%29" title="Methodology (software engineering)">software engineering methodologies</a>.</i><sup id="_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-12" title="">[17]</a></sup></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="Purpose" id="Purpose"></a></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Purpose</span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Software is often found in products and situations where very high reliability is expected, even under demanding conditions, such as monitoring and controlling nuclear power plants, or keeping a modern airliner aloft<sup id="_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-13" title="">[18]</a></sup>. Such applications contain millions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_lines_of_code" title="Source lines of code">lines of code</a>, making them comparable in complexity to the most complex modern machines. For example, a modern airliner has several million physical parts<sup id="_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-14" title="">[19]</a></sup> (and the space shuttle about ten million parts<sup id="_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-15" title="">[20]</a></sup>), while the software for such an airliner can run to 4 million lines of code.<sup id="_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-16" title="">[21]</a></sup></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="Technologies_and_practices" id="Technologies_and_practices"></a></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Technologies and practices</span></span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></i></span></div> </dd></dl> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Software engineers advocate many different technologies and practices, with much disagreement, which has originated a debate that has gone on for over 60 years. Software engineers use a wide variety of technologies: compilers, code repositories, text editors. They also use a wide variety of practices to carry out and coordinate their efforts: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_programming" title="Pair programming">pair programming</a>, code reviews and daily stand up meetings.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">In spite of the enormous economic growth and productivity gains enabled by software, persistent complaints about the quality of software remain.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup></span></p> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debates_within_software_engineering" title="Debates within software engineering">Debates within software engineering</a></i></span></span></dd></dl> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="The_software_engineering_profession" id="The_software_engineering_profession"></a></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">The software engineering profession</span></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="Debate_over_the_term_.27engineering.27" id="Debate_over_the_term_.27engineering.27"></a></span></p> <h3><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Debate over the term 'engineering'</span></span></h3> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Some people believe that <i>software development</i> is a more appropriate term than <i>software engineering</i> for the process of creating software. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete_McBreen&action=edit" class="new" title="Pete McBreen">Pete McBreen</a>, (author of "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Craftsmanship" title="Software Craftsmanship">Software Craftsmanship</a>: The New Imperative" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0201733862" class="internal">ISBN 0-201-73386-2</a>)), argues that the term Software Engineering implies levels of rigor and proven processes that are not appropriate for all types of software development. He argues strongly for 'craftsmanship' as a more appropriate metaphor because that term brings into sharper focus the skills of the developer as the key to success instead of the "manufacturing" process. Using a more traditional comparison, just as not everyone who works in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a>, not everyone who can write <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code" title="Code">code</a> is a software engineer.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Some people dispute the notion that the field is mature enough to warrant the title "engineering"<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>. In each of the last few decades, at least one radical new approach has entered the mainstream of software development (e.g. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured Programming</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object Orientation</a>, ... ), implying that the field is still changing too rapidly to be considered an engineering discipline. Other people would argue that the supposedly radical new approaches are actually evolutionary rather than revolutionary, the mere introduction of new tools rather than fundamental changes<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="Education" id="Education"></a></span></p> <h3><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Education</span></span></h3> <table style="" class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content"> <tbody><tr> <td class="ambox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Question_book-3.svg" class="image" title="Question book-3.svg"><img alt="" src="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering_files/50px-Question_book-3.png" border="0" height="39" width="50" /></a></span></div> </td> <td class="ambox-text"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>This section does not cite any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">references or sources</a>.</b><br />Please <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this section</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verification" title="Wikipedia:Verification">Unverifiable</a> material may be challenged and removed. (<i>September 2006</i>)</span> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">People from many different educational backgrounds make important contributions to SE. Today, software engineers earn software engineering, computer engineering or computer science degrees. However, there are a great number of people in the industry without engineering degrees earned from accredited universities, so the use of the term "software engineer" is somewhat ambiguous.</span></p> <dl><dt><span style="font-size:85%;">Software degrees in the U.S. and Canada</span></dt><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">About half of all practitioners today have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degrees</a>. A small, but growing, number of practitioners have software engineering <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degrees</a>. In 1996, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">Rochester Institute of Technology</a> established the first <a href="http://www.se.rit.edu/" class="external text" title="http://www.se.rit.edu" rel="nofollow">BSSE degree program</a> in the United States but did not obtain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABET" title="ABET">ABET</a> until 2003, the same time as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson_University" title="Clarkson University">Clarkson University</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_School_of_Engineering" title="Milwaukee School of Engineering">Milwaukee School of Engineering</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_University" title="Mississippi State University">Mississippi State University</a> <sup id="_ref-ABETACCRED1_0" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-ABETACCRED1" title="">[22]</a></sup> . Since then, software engineering undergraduate degrees have been established at many universities. A standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees was recently defined by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCSE" title="CCSE">CCSE</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2004" title="As of 2004">As of 2004</a>, in the U.S., about 50 universities offer software engineering degrees, which teach both computer science and engineering principles and practices. The first graduate software engineering degree (MSSE) was established at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_University" title="Seattle University">Seattle University</a> in 1979. Since then graduate software engineering degrees have been made available from many more universities. Likewise in Canada, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Engineering_Accreditation_Board&action=edit" class="new" title="Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board">Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board</a> (CEAB) of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Council_of_Professional_Engineers" title="Canadian Council of Professional Engineers">Canadian Council of Professional Engineers</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">University of Victoria</a>.<sup id="_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-17" title="">[23]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-18" title="">[24]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-19" title="">[25]</a></sup></span> has recognized software engineering programs in engineering faculties such as </dd><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">In 1998, the prestigious US <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> (NPS) established the first doctoral program in Software Engineering in the world.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since June 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup> As of the beginning of 2006, thirteen students had graduated from the program and assumed senior-level leadership roles in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> research and development community.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since June 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span style="font-size:85%;">Domain degrees</span></dt><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">Some practitioners have degrees in application domains, bringing important domain knowledge and experience to projects. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Information_Systems" title="Management Information Systems">MIS</a>, some practitioners have business degrees. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systems" title="Embedded systems">embedded systems</a>, some practitioners have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">computer engineering</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_informatics" title="Medical informatics">medical informatics</a>, general medical, or biology degrees.</span> degrees, because embedded software often requires a detailed understanding of hardware. In medical software, some practitioners have </dd></dl> <dl><dt><span style="font-size:85%;">Other degrees</span></dt><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">Some practitioners have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> degrees. Some have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> (logic in particular) or other non-technical degrees. And, some have no degrees. For instance, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Boehm" title="Barry Boehm">Barry Boehm</a> earned degrees in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>.</span></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span style="font-size:85%;">Professional recognition difficulties in Canada</span></dt><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">The Canadian Council of Professional Engineers (C.C.P.E. or "Engineers Canada") will not grant a "Professional Engineer" status/license to anyone who has not completed a recognized academic engineering program. Many software, and other, engineers, qualified outside Canada, are unable to obtain a "Professional Engineer" "license" in Canada. (See Council for Access to the Profession of Engineering <a href="http://capeinfo.ca/" class="external autonumber" title="http://capeinfo.ca/" rel="nofollow">[3]</a>)</span></dd></dl> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="Employment" id="Employment"></a></span></p> <h3><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Employment</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering_demographics" title="Software engineering demographics">software engineering demographics</a></i></span></dd></dl> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Most software engineers work as employees or contractors. Software engineers work with businesses, government agencies (civilian or military), and non-profit organizations. Some software engineers work for themselves as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelancers</a>. Some organizations have specialists to perform each of the tasks in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development process</a>. Other organizations required software engineers to do many or all of them. In large projects, people may specialize in only one role. In small projects, people may fill several or all roles at the same time. Specializations include: in industry (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">analysts</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">architects</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developer" title="Software developer">developers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">testers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_support" title="Technical support">technical support</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">managers</a>) and in academia (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educator" title="Educator">educators</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Researcher" title="Researcher">researchers</a>).</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">There is considerable debate over the future employment prospects for Software Engineers and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology" title="Information Technology">IT</a> Professionals. For example, an online futures market called the <a href="http://www.ideosphere.com/fx-bin/Claim?claim=ITJOBS" class="external text" title="http://www.ideosphere.com/fx-bin/Claim?claim=ITJOBS" rel="nofollow">Future of IT Jobs in America</a> attempts to answer whether there will be more IT jobs, including software engineers, in 2012 than there were in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="Certification" id="Certification"></a></span></p> <h3><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Certification</span></span></h3> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification_%28software_engineering%29" title="Certification (software engineering)">Certification of software engineers</a> is a contentious issue.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since May 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup> Some see it as a tool to improve <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_engineer" title="Professional engineer">professional practice</a>.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since May 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Most successful certification programs in the software industry are oriented toward specific technologies, and are managed by the vendors of these technologies.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since May 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup> These certification programs are tailored to the institutions that would employ people who use these technologies.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> had a professional certification program in the early 1980s, which was discontinued due to lack of interest.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since May 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2006" title="As of 2006">As of 2006</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> had certified over 575 software professionals.<sup id="_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-20" title="">[26]</a></sup> In Canada the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Information_Processing_Society" title="Canadian Information Processing Society">Canadian Information Processing Society</a> has developed a legally recognized professional certification called <i>Information Systems Professional (ISP)</i>.<sup id="_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-21" title="">[27]</a></sup></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="Impact_of_globalization" id="Impact_of_globalization"></a></span></p> <h3><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Impact of globalization</span></span></h3> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Many students in the developed world have avoided degrees related to software engineering because of the fear of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_outsourcing" title="Offshore outsourcing">offshore outsourcing</a> (importing software products or services from other countries) and of being displaced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Worker_Visa" title="Foreign Worker Visa">foreign visa workers</a> <a href="http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2006/0,4814,111202,00.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2006/0,4814,111202,00.html" rel="nofollow">[4]</a>. Although government statistics do not currently show a threat to software engineering itself; a related career, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> does appear to have been affected <a href="http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos110.htm#outlook" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos110.htm#outlook" rel="nofollow">[5]</a><a href="http://www.infoworld.com/article/07/03/13/HNslowsoftdev_1.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.infoworld.com/article/07/03/13/HNslowsoftdev_1.html" rel="nofollow">[6]</a>. Often one is expected to start out as a computer programmer before being promoted to software engineer. Thus, the career path to software engineering may be rough, especially during recessions.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Some career counselors suggest a student also focus on "people skills" and business skills rather than purely technical skills because such "soft skills" are allegedly more difficult to offshore <a href="http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleTOC&specialReportId=9000100&articleId=112360" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleTOC&specialReportId=9000100&articleId=112360" rel="nofollow">[7]</a>. It is the quasi-management aspects of software engineering that appear to be what has kept it from being impacted by globalization. <a href="http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/career/article.php/3523066" class="external autonumber" title="http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/career/article.php/3523066" rel="nofollow">[8]</a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="Comparing_related_fields" id="Comparing_related_fields"></a></span></p> <h3><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Comparing related fields</span></span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_software_engineering_and_related_fields" title="Comparing software engineering and related fields">Comparing software engineering and related fields</a></i></span></div> </dd></dl> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Many fields are closely related to software engineering; here are some key similarities and distinctions. Comparing SE with other fields helps explain what SE is and helps define what SE might or should become. There is considerable debate over which fields SE most resembles (or should most resemble). These complex and inexact comparisons explain why some see software engineering as its own field.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="History" id="History"></a></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">History</span></span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_software_engineering" title="History of software engineering">History of software engineering</a></i></span></div> </dd></dl> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Software engineering has a long evolving history. Both the tools that are used and the applications that are written have evolved over time. It seems likely that software engineering will continue evolving for many decades to come.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="60_year_time_line"></a></span></p> <h3><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">60 year time line</span></span></h3> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1940s<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>: First computer users wrote machine code by hand.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1950s: Early tools, such as macro assemblers and interpreters were created and widely used to improve productivity and quality<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>. First-generation optimizing compilers<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1960s: Second generation tools like optimizing compilers and inspections were being used to improve productivity and quality<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>. The concept of software engineering was widely discussed<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>. First really big (1000 programmer) projects<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>. Commercial mainframes and custom software for big business. The influential <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_computer_science#Software_engineering:_Report_of_a_conference_sponsored_by_the_NATO_Science_Committee" title="List of publications in computer science">1968 NATO Conference on Software Engineering</a> was held.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1970s: Collaborative software tools, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, code repositories, make, and so on. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputers" title="Minicomputers">Minicomputers</a> and the rise of small business software.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1980s: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computers" title="Personal computers">Personal computers</a> and personal workstations became common. Commensurate rise of consumer software.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1990s: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile processes</a> like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">Extreme programming</a><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>. Computer memory capacity sky-rocketed and prices dropped drastically<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>. These new technologies allowed software to grow more complex<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWW" title="WWW">WWW</a> and hand-held computers made software even more widely available.</span> gained mainstream acceptance</li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">2000s: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_code" title="Managed code">Managed code</a> and interpreted platforms such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_%28programming_language%29" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> made writing software easier than ever before<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_outsourcing" title="Offshore outsourcing">Offshore outsourcing</a></span> changed the nature and focus of software engineering careers.</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="Current_trends_in_software_engineering" id="Current_trends_in_software_engineering"></a></span></p> <h3><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Current trends in software engineering</span></span></h3> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Software engineering is a young discipline, and is still developing. The directions in which software engineering is developing include:</span></p> <dl><dt><span style="font-size:85%;">Aspects</span></dt><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspects</a> help software engineers deal with <i>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilities" title="Ilities">ilities</a></i> by providing tools to add or remove <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerplate_%28text%29" title="Boilerplate (text)">boilerplate</a> code from many areas in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>. Aspects describe how all objects or functions should behave in particular circumstances. For example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_%28computer_science%29" title="Aspect (computer science)">aspects</a> can add <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_logging" title="Data logging">logging</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_%28software_engineering%29" title="Lock (software engineering)">locking</a> control into all objects of particular types. Researchers are currently working to understand how to use aspects to design general-purpose code. Related concepts include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_programming" title="Generative programming">generative programming</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_%28programming%29" title="Template (programming)">templates</a>.</span></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span style="font-size:85%;">Agile</span></dt><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile software development</a> guides <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> projects that evolve rapidly with changing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectation" title="Expectation">expectations</a> and competitive markets. Proponents of this method believe that heavy, document-driven processes (like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TickIT" title="TickIT">TickIT</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMM" title="CMM">CMM</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9000" title="ISO 9000">ISO 9000</a>) are fading in importance<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>. Some people believe that companies and agencies export many of the jobs that can be guided by heavy-weight processes<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>. Related concepts include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Programming" title="Extreme Programming">Extreme Programming</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean software development</a>.</span></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span style="font-size:85%;">Experimental</span></dt><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a> is a branch of software engineering interested in devising <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a> on software, in collecting data from the experiments, and in devising laws and theories from this data. Proponents of this method advocate that the nature of software is such that we can advance the knowledge on software through experiments only<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>.</span></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span style="font-size:85%;">Model-driven</span></dt><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-driven_development" title="Model-driven development">Model Driven Software Development</a> uses (both textual and graphical) models as primary development artifacts. By means of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_transformation" title="Model transformation">model transformation</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_generation" title="Code generation">code generation</a> a part or complete applications are generated.</span></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span style="font-size:85%;">Software Product Lines</span></dt><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_Family_Engineering" title="Product Family Engineering">Software Product Lines</a> is a systematic way to produce <i>families</i> of software systems, instead of creating a succession of completely individual products. This method emphasizes extensive, systematic, formal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_reuse" title="Code reuse">code reuse</a>, to try to industrialize the software development process.</span></dd></dl> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">The <i><a href="http://www.softwaresystems.org/future.html" class="external text" title="http://www.softwaresystems.org/future.html" rel="nofollow">Future of Software Engineering</a></i> conference (FOSE), held at ICSE 2000, documented the state of the art of SE in 2000 and listed many problems to be solved over the next decade. The FOSE tracks at the <a href="http://www.ul.ie/%7Eicse2000/" class="external text" title="http://www.ul.ie/%7Eicse2000/" rel="nofollow">ICSE 2000</a> and the <a href="http://web4.cs.ucl.ac.uk/icse07/" class="external text" title="http://web4.cs.ucl.ac.uk/icse07/" rel="nofollow">ICSE 2007</a> conferences also help identify the state of the art in software engineering. The <a href="http://www.dreamsongs.com/Feyerabend/Feyerabend.html" class="external text" title="http://www.dreamsongs.com/Feyerabend/Feyerabend.html" rel="nofollow">Feyerabend project</a> attempts to discover the future of software engineering by seeking and publishing innovative ideas.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a name="Software_engineering_today" id="Software_engineering_today"></a></span></p> <h3><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Software engineering today</span></span></h3> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">The profession is trying to define its boundary and content. The Software Engineering Body of Knowledge <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWEBOK" title="SWEBOK">SWEBOK</a> been tabled as an ISO standard during 2006 (ISO/IEC TR 19759).</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">In 2006, Money Magazine and Salary.com rated software engineering as the best job in America in terms of growth, pay, stress levels, flexibility in hours and working environment, creativity, and how easy it is to enter and advance in the field.<sup id="_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-22" title="">[28]</a></sup></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">See also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering_economics" title="Software engineering economics">software engineering economics</a>.</span></p>Software Indohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12114594382591873909noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1737332922436318120.post-3491857886315723292008-01-02T07:41:00.000-08:002008-01-02T07:43:28.501-08:00Software engineering<p><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Software engineering</b> (<b>SE</b>) is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>.<sup id="_ref-IEEE610a_0" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-IEEE610a" title="">[1]</a></sup> The term <i>software engineering</i> was popularized during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_computer_science#Software_engineering:_Report_of_a_conference_sponsored_by_the_NATO_Science_Committee" title="List of publications in computer science">1968 NATO Software Engineering Conference</a> (held in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch" title="Garmisch">Garmisch</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>) by its chairman <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.L._Bauer" title="F.L. Bauer">F.L. Bauer</a>, and has been in widespread use since. The discipline of software engineering encompasses knowledge, tools, and methods for defining software <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements" title="Requirements">requirements</a>, and performing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">software design</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">software construction</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">software maintenance</a> tasks.<sup id="_ref-SWEBOK1_0" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-SWEBOK1" title="">[2]</a></sup> Software engineering also draws on knowledge from fields such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">computer engineering</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">quality management</a>, software <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a>.<sup id="_ref-SWEBOK1_1" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-SWEBOK1" title="">[2]</a></sup></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2004" title="As of 2004">As of 2004</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> counts 760,840 software engineers holding jobs in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>; for comparison, in the U.S. there are some 1.4 million practitioners employed in all other engineering disciplines combined.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/software/macam%20software/Software_engineering.htm#_note-0" title="">[3]</a></sup> The term software engineer is used very liberally in the corporate world. Very few of the practicing software engineers actually hold engineering degrees from accredited universities. There are estimated to be about 1.5 million practitioners in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">E.U.</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and elsewhere<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_engineering_topics#Pioneers" title="List of software engineering topics">SE pioneers</a> include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Boehm" title="Barry Boehm">Barry Boehm</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._A._R._Hoare" title="C. A. R. Hoare">C. A. R. Hoare</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Parnas" title="David Parnas">David Parnas</a>.</span></p>Software Indohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12114594382591873909noreply@blogger.com0